Jacques Barzun, From Dawn to Decadence

Expanded Table of Contents, Perennial Edition (2001)

Interactive Version

Preface to the Perennial Edition · xi

Author's Note · xiii

SECTION plan of this work · xiii
SECTION studies and devices · xiv
SECTION history a collaboration · xvi

Prologue: From Current Concerns to the Subject of This Book · xvii

SECTION "our past," "our culture" · xvii
VOICE Willam James (1908) · xviii
SECTION themes and personalities; meaning of decadence · xix
THEME EMANCIPATION, PRIMITIVISM · xix
THEME PRIMITIVISM · xxi
SECTION unity and change in the era now ending · xxi
ALSO "modernism" 713 · xxi

I: From Luther's Ninety-Five Theses to Boyle's "Invisible College" (1517–1660) · 1

1. The West Torn Apart · 3

SECTION The Modern Era begins with a revolution. · 3
SECTION God's bestowal of grace versus the unreformable Church · 4
FURTHER LIGHT Lucien Febvre and Jean Martin, The Coming of the Book · 5
VOICE From Luther's "Ninety-five Theses" · 5
VOICE John Skelton (C. 1500) · 5
SECTION how revolutions feel · 7
VOICE Erasmus to Guillaume Budé (1517) · 8
VOICE Wordsworth Remembering the French Revolution (1805) · 8
VOICE "On the Pleasures of Vicissitude," "Elegy" Gray on Henry VIII's Predicament · 9
ALSO The Monarchs' Revolution 239 · 9
SECTION secular support for Luther against Rome · 9
ALSO fundamentalism 40 261 · 10
THEME PRIMITIVISM, EMANCIPATION · 10
PORTRAIT Erasmus · 11
VOICE Erasmus on England in 1497 · 11
ALSO Humanism 74 · 12
ALSO predestination 29 · 13
VOICE Erasmus, Colloquies · 13
FURTHER LIGHT James Anthony Froude, Life and Letters of Erasmus · 13
WORK Erasmus, The Praise of Folly · 13
SECTION attempts at conciliation; civil war · 14
THEME PRIMITIVISM · 15
VOICE Fugger Newsletters (1581) · 15
ALSO English Civil War 263 · 16
PORTRAIT Luther · 16
WORK Luther, Table Talk, ed. Preserved Smith · 16
WORK Luther, Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott · 18
VOICE Luther (1543) · 18
SECTION Luther's doomed revolution · 19
THEME INDIVIDUALISM (Peace of Augsburg) · 20

2. The New Life · 21

SECTION Christianity becomes sectarian. · 21
THEME EMANCIPATION (appeal of revolution) · 21
SECTION religious beliefs in the 16C · 23
ALSO Protestant Sects 10 28 · 23
ALSO return of religion 40 · 24
VOICE Religion defined, From Dictionaries in Several Languages · 24
VOICE Kierkegaard (a 19C Protestant) · 24
VOICE T. H. Huxley (a 19C agnostic) · 24
VOICE John Selden, c. 1650 · 25
SECTION Protestant culture; the Bible · 26
VOICE George Herbert, "Sin" (1633) · 27
SECTION 16C beliefs in the 20C · 28
VOICE Chancellor Michel de l'Hopital at the opening of the Estates General of 1560 · 29
ALSO Predestination 12 · 29
ALSO Anabaptists 15 265 · 30
ALSO Dorothy Sayers on the Trinity 742 · 30
FURTHER LIGHT Dorothy Sayers, The Mind of the Maker · 30
VOICE Traditional in New England · 31
SECTION the revolution's second generation · 31
ALSO Unitarianism influential in New England 505 · 31
ALSO drive to uniformity 271 · 33
ALSO Catholic mysticism in France 298 · 33
VOICE William Pitt, Earl of Chatham (c. 1760) · 33
PORTRAIT Calvin · 34
WORK Calvin, The Institutes of the Christian Religion · 34
ALSO "Puritan" 262 · 35
ALSO the course of revolution 428 · 35
VOICE Calvin, Insitutes (1536) · 35
VOICE John Hayward, D.D., 10th Edition, 1696, 33rd Edition, 1733 · 35
VOICE Calvin, "Of Meditating on the Future Life" · 36
ALSO Luther relished life 17 · 36
SECTION Capitalism not born of Protestantism · 36
ALSO Stoicism and Humanism 52 · 36
ALSO Puritian "asceticism" an exaggeration 262 · 37
SECTION The Catholic Counter-Reformation · 38
THEME PRIMITIVISM (Evangelicals) · 38
WORK Loyola, Spiritual Exercises · 39
VOICE Loyola, Exercises (1548) · 39
VOICE Hamlet to His Mother (1602) · 39
VOICE William James, Principles of Psychology (1890) · 39
ALSO Protestant egalitarians 265 · 39
THEME PRIMITIVISM (Council of Trent) · 39
VOICE St. Augustine · 40
SECTION Jesuits' impact on culture · 41
VOICE The New York Times, August 17, 1996 · 41
ALSO Against Jesuitism 219 345 · 42
VOICE Burckhardt, Judgments on History · 42
ALSO the "infamous" church 361 · 42

3. The Good Letters · 43

SECTION Humanism, Humanists · 43
VOICE Ulrich von Hutten to Pirckheimer, Secretary to the Emperor (1518) · 44
THEME SECULARISM · 44
VOICE Dean Briggs of Harvard College (c. 1900) · 45
ALSO the oration as a literary form 51 63 · 45
ALSO Tacitus' Germania 9 · 45
ALSO "discovery" of Greece in the 19C 514 · 45
SECTION Renaissance begins before the Modern Era · 45
ALSO medieval view of history 234 · 47
PORTRAIT Petrarch · 48
WORK Petrarch, Laura poems · 48
VOICE Byron in Don Juan · 48
THEME SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS · 49
VOICE Petrarch, On the Solitary Life · 50
SECTION the sonnet; Humanism pagan and Christian · 50
ALSO invention of "character" 135 140 · 50
ALSO symphonic form 419 · 51
SECTION the predominance of Italy · 52
ALSO from cookery to cuisine 183 · 52
ALSO the invention of opera in Italy 159 174 · 53
VOICE Pope Pius II about Vienna, c. 1458 · 53
ALSO when France loved England 361 498 · 53
ALSO higher criticism of Scripture 359 · 54
SECTION Humanist faith and philosophies · 54
VOICE Erasmus (1522) · 55
ALSO Materialsm vs. Vitalism 365 665 · 56
FURTHER LIGHT Paul Oscar Kristeller, Renaissance Thought · 56
VOICE Michelangelo, from Sonnet 52 · 56
ALSO "pure" art 622; 639-640 · 56
THEME PRIMITIVISM (yearning for purity) · 56
SECTION Lorenzo Valla · 56
PORTRAIT Marsilio Ficino · 57
VOICE Ficino, The Book of Life · 58
ALSO melancholy 222 · 59
VOICE Matteo Palmieri, On Civic Life (1440) · 59
VOICE Pico, "On the Dignity of Man" (1486) · 60
THEME INDIVIDUALISM, EMANCIPATION · 60
SECTION the printed book · 60
ALSO printing and revolution 4 · 60
VOICE Victor Hugo reflecting on the storytelling walls and glass of Notre Dame (1831) · 61
ALSO Jean Bodin's Six Books About the Commonwealth 245 · 63
SECTION Humanist popes · 64

4. The "Artist" is Born · 65

SECTION "treatising" the arts · 65
ALSO Medieval Renaissance 47 · 66
VOICE Benvenuto Cellini, Two Treatises on Goldsmithing and Sculpture · 66
WORK Leonardo, Notebooks · 67
ALSO art must be moral - not! 474 616 · 67
SECTION Renaissance naturalism · 67
ALSO artistic intention 621 757 · 68
VOICE Dürer, Travel Diary (1520) · 68
ALSO Realism 555 · 69
VOICE Alberti, On Architecture (1452) · 70
ALSO a dog at the Last Supper? 76 · 71
SECTION oil painting; perspective · 71
VOICE Leonardo, Notebooks · 72
SECTION progess in the arts; artistic independence · 73
ALSO polyphony 157 · 74
VOICE Rabelais, Letter to Pantagruel from His Father Gargantua (1532) · 75
FURTHER LIGHT H. Ruhemann, Artist and Craftsman · 75
ALSO patronage of the arts 334 · 75
ALSO Rubens as artist and statesman 334 · 75
VOICE Michelangelo, Sculptor, Florence (1524) · 75
VOICE Benvenuto Cellini, Opening Sentence of His Autobiography (1558) · 76
WORK Cellini, Autobiography · 76
SECTION Veronese's Last Supper · 76
VOICE Michelangelo, "On Painting the Sistine Chapel" · 77
FURTHER LIGHT Ralph Meyer, The Artist's Handbook · 77
ALSO cult of the new 160 · 78
VOICE Gallo, a collector of antiques, acting as agent for the sculptor Michelangelo · 78
THEME EMANCIPATION · 78
ALSO patronage of art an insoluble problem 338 · 78
SECTION the Renaissance man · 78
ALSO Castiglione, The Courtier 85 · 78
ALSO Luther's love of life 17 · 79
VOICE Leonardo,Notebooks · 79
ALSO science 191 · 80
VOICE Bacon, "Of Travel" (1626) · 80
WORK Montaigne, Diary of 1580–1581 · 80
WORK Beaumarchais, The Marriage of Figaro · 81
ALSO Ariosto's Orlando Furioso 147 · 81
ALSO women in history 85 · 82
DIGRESSION "man" · 82
ALSO Castiglione, The Courtier 85 · 84
ALSO Catherine de' Medici 86 · 85
SECTION Renaissance women · 85
ALSO Isabella of Castile 98 · 85
VOICE Elizabeth I of England (1565) · 86
FURTHER LIGHT Balzac, Catherine de Médicis · 86
WORK Marguerite of Navarre (d'Angoulême), The Heptameron · 86
ALSO Philip Sidney, Arcadia 155 · 87
THEME EMANCIPATION, INDIVIDUALISM, SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS · 88

5. Cross Section The View from Madrid Around 1540 · 91

SECTION Madrid a 16C innovation · 91
PORTRAIT Charles V · 92
VOICE Charles V in 1521 · 93
FURTHER LIGHT Robert Croft-Cooke, Through spain with Don Quixote · 93
ALSO mercenary armies 95 · 93
FURTHER LIGHT José Castillejo, Wars of Ideas in Spain · 94
ALSO Marguerite of Navarre 86 · 95
ALSO The Ladies' Peace 86 · 95
ALSO Fuggers 15 · 96
ALSO Peace of Augsburg 20 · 96
SECTION difficulty of an imperial state in Europe · 96
ALSO Charles V's popularity 92 97 · 96
ALSO Peasants' Revolt 15 · 97
SECTION Columbus · 98
VOICE Rabelais, Pantagruel (1532) · 98
FURTHER LIGHT Samuel Eliot Morison, Christopher Columbus · 99
VOICE The Monk Antonio de Montesinos (1511) · 100
SECTION food (and tobacco) from the New World · 101
ALSO 17C "revolution in cuisine" 183 · 101
VOICE Francesco Redi (mid-17C) · 102
VOICE Ben Johnson, "Inviting a Friend to Supper" · 102
VOICE James I of England (1604) · 102
SECTION travel books; "America" · 103
FURTHER LIGHT Oliver Warner, English Maritime Writing from Hakluyt to Cook · 103
FURTHER LIGHT Dorothy Sayers, "The Adventure of Uncle Meleager's Will" · 103
ALSO Shakespeare on utopias 124 · 103
SECTION 16C Spain · 104
WORK Velazquez, "The Surrender at Breda" · 105
ALSO science of building fortresses 243 313 · 105
VOICE Spanish ballad · 105
ALSO inflation 107 · 106
FURTHER LIGHT José Ortega y Gasset, Invertebrate Spain · 106
ALSO Jean Bodin 245 · 107
ALSO Mercantilism 292 · 107
SECTION race; inquisition · 107
ALSO Tacitus 9 · 107
THEME PRIMITIVISMS · 107
ALSO Utopias 117 · 107
VOICE Chistopher Columbus, First letter from the New World (March 14, 1493) · 108
ALSO Rousseau 384 · 108
FURTHER LIGHT Hugh A. MacDougal, Racial Myth in English History · 108
ALSO The French "Race" 247 295 · 108
ALSO Servetus 30-1 · 108
SECTION Spain's cultural achievements in the 16C · 109
ALSO Camoëns 153 · 109
ALSO Spain's Golden Age 334 · 110
ALSO international law 672 758 · 111
FURTHER LIGHT Theodore Caplow, Peace Games · 111
SECTION Lazarillo; Dr. Faust · 111
WORK Anon., La Vida de Lazarillo de Tormes (trans. W. S. Merwin) · 111
ALSO the novel 153 352 · 111
ALSO Goethe 483 · 112
SECTION Francis I, surnames, Nostradamus · 112
VOICE The parish official under Henry VIII, carrying out the royal demand for surnames · 114
FURTHER LIGHT James Pennethorne Hughes, Is Thy Name Wart? · 114
THEME INDIVIDUALISM · 114
ALSO medical dissection 199 · 114
VOICE Nostradamus, supposedly on the fate of Mary Queen of Scots (1555) · 115

6. The Eutopians · 117

SECTION Thomas More, Tommaso Campanella, Francis Bacon · 117
ALSO Edward Bellamy 593 · 117
VOICE Helen Keller (1908) · 117
ALSO eutopian novels 124 · 117
WORK Thomas More, Utopia · 117
WORK Tommaso Campanella, The City of the Sun · 117
WORK Francis Bacon, The New Atlantis · 117
ALSO Burke's Essay on the Sublime and Beautiful 417 · 117
VOICE Bacon, The New Atlantis (c. 1624) · 119
ALSO Comenius 180 · 120
VOICE Campanella, The City of the Sun (1623) · 120
ALSO music in daily life 155 · 121
VOICE Campanella, The City of the Sun (1623) · 120
SECTION More and the "big lie" about Richard III · 122
ALSO the king's fool 302 · 122
FURTHER LIGHT Josephine Tey, The Daughter of Time · 122
FURTHER LIGHT Charles Ross, Richard III · 122
SECTION eutopian literature · 123
THEME EMANCIPATION · 123
THEME SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS · 123
VOICE Rabelais' Dig at Explorers, Pantagruel (1532) · 123
ALSO The Courtier 85 · 123
VOICE Rabelais, from the inscription on the gate of the Abbey of Thélème (1562) · 123
THEME INDIVIDUALISM, SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS · 125
ALSO nation-state 239 · 125
SECTION the Counter-Renaissance · 125
ALSO ancients and moderns 204 348 · 126
THEME PRIMITIVISM · 126
SECTION the eutopian legacy · 126
VOICE The traveler talking to More in Utopia (1516) · 127
PORTRAIT Rabelais · 128
WORK Rabelais, Gargantua and Pantagruel (incl. trans by Urquhart and Motteux) · 128
VOICE Balzac (1840) · 129
ALSO Margaret of Navarre 86 · 130
VOICE Pantagruel (1532) · 130
ALSO Abbey of Théème 123 · 131
ALSO Thomas Love Peacock 564 · 132
FURTHER LIGHT Albert Jay Nock, A Journey into Rabelais' France · 133
PORTRAIT Montaigne · 133
WORK Montaigne, Essays · 133
VOICE Montaigne, "Of Experience" (1588) · 135
THEME SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS · 135
ALSO Anatomy of Melancholy 223 · 135
SECTION more Montaigne · 136
VOICE Montaigne, Travel Diary (1580) · 137
WORK Montaigne, Travel Diary · 137
VOICE Montaigne, from the "Apology for Raymond Sebond" (1569) · 138
VOICE Montaigne, "On Educating Children" (1588) · 139
VOICE Montaigne, "About the Cannibals" (1588) · 139
ALSO pragmatism 666 · 139
ALSO classical French prose 219 · 139
PORTRAIT Shakespeare · 140
ALSO The Tempest 124 · 140
FURTHER LIGHT Jacob Feis, Shakespeare and Montaigne · 140
ALSO Man ondoyant et divers 135 · 140
THEME INDIVIDUALISM · 141
SECTION Shakespeare quasi-forgotten · 141
ALSO the "rescue" of Shakespeare 516 · 141
ALSO low point in Shakespeare's reputation 356 · 142

7. Epic & Comic, Lyric & Music, Critic & Public · 145

SECTION amateur and professional literature · 145
ALSO Margaret of Navarre's Heptameron 86 · 145
THEME SPECIALISM · 145
ALSO "royal priviledge": beginnings of copyright 130 · 146
SECTION Italian epics · 146
ALSO Petrarch's unfinished Africa 49 · 146
VOICE Armida fighting Rinaldo in Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered (1581) · 147
PORTRAIT Tasso · 148
VOICE Byron, "The Lament of Tasso" (1817) · 149
SECTION Jerusalem Delivered · 151
ALSO beginning of opera 174 · 152
ALSO Rossini, Meyerbeer 498 499 · 152
FURTHER LIGHT W. P. Ker, Epic and Romance · 152
SECTION Camoëns' Lusiads · 153
WORK Camoëns, Os Lusiads (trans. Leonard Bacon) · 153
ALSO mixing pagan and Christian 52 · 154
WORK Spenser, Faerie Queene · 154
WORK Sidney, Arcadia · 155
SECTION Renaissance music · 155
ALSO disagreement on degree of novelty 47 · 155
ALSO "program music" 639 · 155
ALSO "programs" in music 121 · 155
VOICE Thomas More in Utopia (1516) · 156
VOICE Erasmus (1513) · 157
SECTION polyphony and harmony · 157
VOICE William Byrd, Preface to Gradualla (1607) · 158
ALSO the English madrigalists 161 · 158
VOICE Zarlino of Venice, Harmonic Principles (1558) · 158
VOICE Giulio Caccini (1601) · 159
ALSO the "visceral" in music 640 · 159
ALSO opera 174 · 159
SECTION poet and musician now two · 160
THEME EMANCIPATION · 160
VOICE Victoria [greatest of Spanish 16C composers, whose works are uncommonly exciting] (1581) · 161
FURTHER LIGHT Edmund H. Fellowes, The English Madrigal School · 161
SECTION English Renaissance poetry · 162
VOICE Queen Elizabeth when prisoner at Woodstock, written with charcoal on a shutter (1554) · 162
FURTHER LIGHT W. H. Auden and Norman Holmes Pearson, eds., The English Poets, Volume II: Marlowe to Marvell · 162
SECTION the Pléïade · 162
ALSO the Précieuses 187 · 163
FURTHER LIGHT Jacques Barzun, An Essay on French Verse for Readers of English Poetry [also 341] · 154
ALSO heroic couplet 356 · 164
SECTION 16C Drama · 164
THEME PRIMITIVISM · 164
WORK Machiavelli, La Mandragola · 165
ALSO Machiavelli, The Prince 256 · 165
ALSO Byron's Don Juan 486 · 165
VOICE Jean de la Taille (1548) · 166
VOICE Julius Caesar Scaliger (1561) · 166
VOICE Antonio Sabastiano Minturno (1563) · 166
VOICE Lodovico Castelvetro (1570) · 166
VOICE Cervantes, Don Quixote (1603) · 166
VOICE Lope de Vega (1609) · 166
SECTION 16C literary criticism · 167
FURTHER LIGHT J. E. Spingarn, Literary Criticism in the Renaissance · 167
THEME ANALYSIS, REDUCTIVISM · 167

8. Cross Section The View From Venice Around 1650 · 169

SECTION government in Venice · 169
ALSO Portuguese trade with the East 103 · 169
VOICE Byron, "Ode on Venice" (1815) · 170
FURTHER LIGHT Harold Nicolson, Diplomacy · 172
VOICE Harold Nicolson (1939) · 173
SECTION mid-17C novelties; opera · 173
ALSO international science 207 · 173
ALSO Tasso and Ariosto 151 · 174
ALSO Venetian printers 61 · 174
ALSO Venetian music 160 · 174
ALSO the first operas 159 · 174
WORK Monteverdi, Orfeo, The Return of Ulysses, and The Crowning of Poppea · 175
VOICE Donald Grout, from the last paragraph in his History of Opera (1965) · 177
SECTION Wars in Germany and in England · 177
ALSO 17C uprising in France 296 · 177
ALSO Francisco de Vitoria 110 · 179
VOICE Abraham Cowley (1956) · 180
PORTRAIT John Amos Comenius (Jan Komensky) · 180
ALSO Jesuit schools 42 · 180
ALSO 18C Encyclopedists 360 · 181
VOICE Comenius (c. 1660) · 181
ALSO Lichtenberg 182 · 182
SECTION mid-17C manners and domestic life · 182
SECTION social behavior both crude and elaborate · 185
WORK Corneille, Le Cid · 185
SECTION women, pastimes, mid-17C Stoicism · 186
ALSO women in the Vatican 85 · 186
ALSO Montaigne's Essays, Marie de Gournay, 87 134 · 186
ALSO Queen Christina of Sweden 208 · 186
ALSO Princess Palatine Elizabeth 207 · 186
ALSO Castiglione's The Courtier 85 · 187
VOICE Jeremy Potter, Hazard Chase (1964) · 187
WORK Milton, "Comus" · 188
ALSO the waltz 500 · 188
ALSO plays 344 · 188
VOICE Epictetus the Stoic (1C A.D.) · 190
THEME EMANCIPATION · 190

9. The Invisible College · 191

SECTION 17C natural philosphy · 191
ALSO calculations on paper 199 200 · 191
VOICE Whitehead, Science and the Modern World (1925) · 192
FURTHER LIGHT H. T. Pledge, Science Since 1500 · 192
ALSO influence of Darwin, Freud 571 662 · 193
THEME SCIENTISM · 193
SECTION science and abstraction · 193
ALSO medieval machines 230 · 193
ALSO Rabelaisian quintessence 130 · 193
ALSO the geometric mind 216 · 194
PORTRAIT Giordano Bruno · 194
ALSO monads 366 · 194
ALSO Materialists and Vitalists 365 · 195
VOICE William Harvey (1649) · 195
ALSO free will an illusion 6 · 195
THEME ABSTRACTION · 196
SECTION advantage for science of an aimless universe · 196
FURTHER LIGHT F. Sherwood Taylor, the Alchemists · 196
PORTRAIT Paracelsus · 197
ALSO humors 223 · 198
SECTION 16C-17C advances in science · 198
VOICE Shakespeare, The Winter's Tale (1610?) · 200
VOICE Treviso, Arithmetic (1478) · 200
PORTRAIT Descartes · 200
WORK Descartes, Discourse on the Method of Rightly Using the Mind in Seeking Truth in the Sciences · 201
VOICE Descartes, Treatise on the Passions · 201
THEME ANALYSIS, the twin of ABSTRACTION · 201
ALSO Pascal 219 · 201
THEME SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS · 202
SECTION ANALYSIS a form of ABSTRACTION · 202
VOICE Van Helmont (1648) · 203
ALSO Stat Life 535 · 203
THEME ANALYSIS, ABSTRACTION · 203
PORTRAIT Francis Bacon · 203
VOICE From Bacon's will (1621) · 204
SECTION 17C techne · 205
ALSO R&D 601 · 205
FURTHER LIGHT Dava Sobel, Longitude [also 376] · 205
VOICE Erasmus, "the Alchymist," Colloquies (1525) · 206
SECTION importance of communication in the sciences · 207
PORTRAIT Christina of Sweden · 207
VOICE Christina of Sweden (n.d.) · 209
SECTION the Royal Society · 210
THEME SPECIALIZATION [= SPECIALISM?] · 211
SECTION 17C science considers witchcraft · 211
ALSO persecution of witches 213 · 212
SECTION ABSTRACTION and ANALYSIS · 213
PORTRAIT Pascal · 214
WORK Pascal, Pensées (= Thoughts) · 214
WORK Pascal, "On the Passion of Love" · 215
ALSO Stendahl, On Love 475 · 215
ALSO heart-and-mind 202 453 · 215
VOICE Pascal, "On the Passion of Love" · 215
SECTION the geometric and intuitive temperaments · 216
VOICE Pascal, Pensées · 216
ALSO longing for unanimity of belief 23 · 217
THEME SCIENTISM · 218
ALSO Vico 314 · 218
SECTION more Pascal · 218
THEME SCIENTISM, ABSTRACTION · 218
ALSO English Civil War 263 · 219
ALSO classical French prose (Pascal's Letters from a Provincial) 353 · 219
ALSO scientific pessimism 570 · 220
VOICE Samuel Butler, Notebooks (late 19C) · 220
ALSO from make-believe to belief 39 · 220
DIGRESSION "esprit" · 220
ALSO "genius" 474 · 220
PORTRAIT Robert Burton · 221
WORK Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy · 221
FURTHER LIGHT Bergen Evans, The Psychiatry of Robert Burton · 222
THEME SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS · 223
ALSO Paracelsus 198 · 223
DIGRESSION An Interlude (The Middle Ages) · 224
SECTION medieval civilization · 224
ALSO honor 94-95 · 226
WORK The Contemporaries of Marco Polo, ed. Manuel Komroff · 227
SECTION medieval universities · 228
VOICE Shakespeare, The Winter's Tale · 228
VOICE King Henry III of England to the masters and students of the University of Paris (July 16, 1229) · 229
FURTHER LIGHT John H. Mundy and Peter Riesenberg, The Medieval Town · 229
WORK Carl Orff, Carmina Burana · 229
SECTION medieval science and techne · 229
FURTHER LIGHT Jean Gimpel, the Medieval Machine · 230
FURTHER LIGHT G. G. Coulton, The Fate of Medieval Art · 231
FURTHER LIGHT David S. Landes, A Revolution in Time · 231
SECTION medieval literature · 231
WORK Medieval Latin Lyrics (trans. Helen Waddell) · 231
FURTHER LIGHT Norman Cantor, Medieval Lives · 232
WORK the Fifteen Joys of Marriage (trans. Richard Aldington) · 232
PORTRAIT Christine de Pisan · 232
ALSO la querelle des femmes [dames?] 131 · 232
VOICE Duchess of Lorraine, "Elegy" (13 C) · 233
WORK Medieval Lyrics of Europe (trans. Willard R. Trask) · 233
SECTION the medievals' unhistorical mind · 234
ALSO fading sense of history today 775 · 234
ALSO medieval books 231 · 234
VOICE Late medieval manuscript · 235

II: From the Bog and Sand of Versailles to the Tennis Court (1661–1789) · 237

10. The Monarchs' Revolution · 239

SECTION king into monarch, realm into nation · 239
ALSO revolution 3 · 239
ALSO revolution a process, not an event 548 587 · 240
ALSO 20C separatism 774-776 · 240
ALSO English Civil War(s) 263 · 240
ALSO Christina of Sweden 207 · 240
SECTION Richelieu and absolute monarchy · 241
ALSO prohibition of the duel; its continuance 185 · 241
VOICE Sir Richard Steele (1713) · 242
VOICE Grover Cleveland, accepting the presidential nomination (1892) · 242
SECTION the risen bourgeoisie · 243
ALSO increasing cost of war (fortresses) 313 · 243
THEME EMANCIPATION · 244
SECTION Bodin and the theory of monarchy · 245
ALSO the Baroque 333 · 245
ALSO "noble" words 355 · 245
ALSO Machiavelli a forerunner 256 · 245
VOICE Bodin, On the Republic (1576) · 246
ALSO the Estates General in 1789 · 246
ALSO 19C use of history in political debate 482 · 246
ALSO lack of such in the Middle Ages 234 · 246
ALSO "race" in 19C liberal politics 295 · 247
ALSO "race" in 20C genocide 748 · 247
SECTION church and state; the divine right of kings · 247
VOICE Shakespeare, Richard III (1594) · 248
VOICE Shakespeare, Hamlet (1602) · 249
VOICE Fénelson, referring to himself in his "Letter to Louis XIV" (1714) · 249
VOICE Bossuet, sermon in the Louvre (1662) · 249
SECTION why theories of government; the king has two bodies · 250
SECTION the crowning of a king (Louis XVI in 1774) · 251
SECTION Hamlet as thinker · 253
VOICE Burckhardt, Judgments on History (1865-85) · 254
FURTHER LIGHT William Gibson, Shakespeare's Game · 254
THEME ABSTRACTION · 255
ALSO the English Civil War 263 · 255
ALSO the American Revolution 397 · 255
ALSO the Jacobin phase of the French Revolution 434 · 255
THEME INDIVIDUALISM · 255
ALSO human rights 430 · 255
PORTRAIT Machiavelli · 255
WORK Machiavelli, The Prince · 255
VOICE Machiavelli, The Prince (1513) · 256
SECTION more Machiavelli · 258
SECTION 17C counter-currents to monarchical government · 259
ALSO Republican Venice 170 · 259

11. Puritans as Democrats · 261

SECTION Puritan pleasures; Milton · 261
ALSO 17C shutting down of public baths 183 · 262
THEME PRIMITIVISM · 262
FURTHER LIGHT Percy Scholes, The Puritans and Music · 262
ALSO The English Madrigal School 161 · 262
VOICE Milton, Areopagitica (1644) · 262
SECTION the English Civil War · 263
ALSO the monarch holds the monopoly of taxation and war 241 · 263
VOICE Colonel Thomas Rainborow, M.P. (1647) · 265
ALSO Anabaptists 15 · 265
THEME EMANCIPATION · 265
WORK Hobbes, Leviathan · 267
WORK James Harrington, The Commonwealth of Oceana · 267
PORTRAIT John Lilburne · 268
FURTHER LIGHT William Haller, The Rise of Puritanism: The Way to the New Jerusalem · 268
VOICE Lilburne, speaking to the crowd (1638) · 269
VOICE Lilburne (1645) · 270
VOICE John Taylor (c. 1640) · 271
ALSO Hudibras 358 · 271
SECTION the issue of Toleration · 271
THEME SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS, INDIVIDUALISM · 271
ALSO Dostoevsky's Grand Inquisitor 769 · 171
VOICE Harry Marten, a fellow Leveller and regicide (n.d.) · 271
THEME EMANCIPATION · 272
VOICE Chancellor De Thou, Universal History (1604) · 273
VOICE Coleridge, Table Talk (1834) · 273
VOICE Swift, "On Abolishing Christianity" (1708) · 273
VOICE Coleridge (1836) · 273
PORTRAIT Oliver Cromwell · 274
VOICE Andrew Marvell, "Ode on Oliver Cromwell" (1650) · 275
ALSO the Thirty Years' War 177 · 275
ALSO the Protestant experience 6 · 275
THEME SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS · 275
VOICE Cromwell, to his cousin Mrs. St. John (1638) · 275
VOICE Cromwell, to Major General Crawford (1643) · 276
ALSO Cromwell on the possibility that one may be in error 134 · 276
VOICE Cromwell, after the religious war in Scotland (1648) · 276
ALSO failure of grand alliances 299?? 307?? · 277
SECTION Puritans in America · 277
ALSO the French politiques 137 · 278
VOICE Thomas Shepherd of Newtown (Cambridge), to Hugh Peter of Salem (1645) · 278
THEME EMANCIPATION · 279
VOICE William Penn (n.d.) · 279
ALSO bundling 280 · 279
ALSO Weber's The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Captitalism 36-37 · 279
VOICE Robert Keayne, 2nd paragraph of his will ("6:1:1653 commonly called August") · 280
SECTION Thomas Morton's Merry Mount; bundling · 280
FURTHER LIGHT Henry Reed Stiles, Bundling · 280
VOICE Letter from Lt. Anbury from Cambridge, Mass. (1777) · 281
SECTION the Salem witch trials · 281
PORTRAIT Joseph Glanvill · 281
ALSO Sir Thomas Browne 212 · 281
VOICE Milton, Paradise Lost (1667) · 282

12. The Reign of Etiquette · 285

SECTION Louis XIV · 285
VOICE Louis XIV, "Reflections on the Business of Kings," Memoirs (n.d.) · 285
ALSO Richelieu 241 · 286
ALSO before 17C king first among equals · 286
VOICE Anothony Hamilton, Memoirs of Gramont (1704) · 287
VOICE Louis XIV, House Rules, Article 21 (revised 1681) · 288
ALSO plain man democratic society 785 · 289
ALSO the king's two bodies 253 · 289
VOICE Saint-Simon, Memoirs (n.d.) · 289
SECTION entertainment at Versailles; Madame Montespan · 290
ALSO Pascal's wager 220 · 290
ALSO La Rochefoucauld 350 · 290
ALSO on liaisons 477 · 290
ALSO French playwrights and essayists 342.ff · 291
SECTION Colbert and Colbertisme; race · 291
ALSO Versailles 337 · 291
VOICE Rabelais (1573) · 293
VOICE Richardso's Pamela (1740), quoted in the Oxford English Dictionary · 293
VOICE Littré dictionary (1889) · 293
VOICE John Stuart Mill (1848) · 293
VOICE Louis XIV, Memoirs (n.d.) · 293
ALSO Saint-Simon, "a century of vile bourgeoisie" 245 · 295
ALSO Saint-Simon's memoirs 355 · 355
ALSO National Socialism 671 · 295
ALSO Hotman's Franco-Gallia 247 · 295
ALSO Germanic element in France the bearer of liberty 482?? · 295
ALSO Bayle's Dictionary 360 · 295
ALSO Tacitus' Germania 9 · 295
SECTION Jansenism · 296
VOICE Placard of the Republican Conspirators (c. 1672) · 296
ALSO Pascal's Letters from a Provincial 219 · 297
ALSO "two Frances" 432 · 297
VOICE Sir William Temple (1652) · 297
PORTRAIT Fénelon · 298
VOICE Fénelon to Louis XIV (c. 1694) · 298
ALSO Pietism 33 · 298
THEME EMANCIPATION · 299
ALSO quarrel of the ancients and the moderns 348 · 300
SECTION Madame de Maintenon · 301
VOICE Rabelais, Pantagruel (1532) · 302
VOICE Current in Hollywood in the 1940s · 302
ALSO Molière 344 · 302
SECTION Louis XIV's wars · 302
VOICE Swift, "On the Use of Madness in a Commonwealth," Tale of a Tub (1704) · 303
SECTION the passing of the sun king · 304
ALSO the Regency of the Duc d'Orleans 308 · 305

13. Cross Section The View from London Around 1715 · 307

SECTION After Louis XIV · 307
ALSO Restoration England 355 · 308
ALSO the Fronde 286 · 308
ALSO the Mississipi scheme 321 · 309
ALSO Colbert 338?? · 309
SECTION William and Mary · 309
VOICE Defoe, "The True-Born Englishman" (1701) · 310
ALSO journalism 786?? 795 · 311
ALSO Baroque art 333 · 312
PORTRAIT Vauban · 313
VOICE Vauban to Louvois, minister of war (1675) · 313
WORK Laurence Sterne, Tristam Shandy · 314
FURTHER LIGHT Christopher Duffy, The Fortress in the Age of Vauban and Frederick the Great · 314
SECTION Vico · 314
ALSO Pascal 220 · 314
VOICE Vico, Conclusion, The New Science (1744) · 315
SECTION the American colonies; Peter the Great · 316
ALSO Puritan tradition 265 · 316
ALSO "revolution" of 1688 309 · 316
VOICE Anonymous, On the Rebellion Against Governor Andros (1689) · 317
ALSO Salem witch trials 213 · 317
VOICE Robert Beverley (1705) · 317
VOICE The Reverent John Urmstone (1711) · 318
VOICE Peter the Great (1714) · 319
SECTION John Law · 320
VOICE Anonymous French squib · 321
VOICE Defoe · 322
VOICE Swift · 322
SECTION Defoe · 322
VOICE Daniel Defoe · 323
PORTRAIT Swift · 323
VOICE The King of Brobdingnag reported by Gulliver · 324
THEME SCIENTISM · 324
WORK Swift, "On the Death of Dr. Swift" · 325
SECTION Alexander Pope · 325
VOICE Alexander Pope (1725) · 326
ALSO Puritan closing of theaters 188-189 · 326
ALSO the modern novel 352 380 · 326
SECTION opera: Handel, Gay, Lully · 326
ALSO English madrigal composers 161 · 326
ALSO Monteverdi 174 · 326
THEME ANALYSIS · 327
ALSO French neo-classical tragedy 342 · 327
ALSO Baroque entertainment [328] 341 · 327
VOICE John Byrom · 328
VOICE Addison, in The Spectator (1711) · 328
ALSO the masque 188 · 328
SECTION food and medicine · 329
SECTION "Methodism" · 330
ALSO the Wesleys 312 · 330
THEME SECULARISM, ANALYSIS, SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS, INDIVIDUALISM · 331

14. The Opulent Eye · 333

SECTION the Baroque · 333
WORK Rubens, Marie de' Medici cycle, Louvre · 333
PORTRAIT Peter Paul Rubens · 334
THEME INDIVIDUALISM (abandonment of the medieval guild system in the 18C) · 334
VOICE Rubens listing works available to the English ambassador (1618) · 335
FURTHER LIGHT Charles Scribner III, Rubens · 335
SECTION Baroque and classical styles; Versailles · 336
FURTHER LIGHT Charles Scribner III, Bernini · 336
ALSO Versailles 288 · 337
ALSO coronation of a king 251 · 337
ALSO arts patronage 72 81 · 338
ALSO the example of Columbus 98-99 · 338
SECTION romances · 339
ALSO Italian epics 146 · 340
THEME ANALYSIS · 341
ALSO the three unities 166 · 341
FURTHER LIGHT Jacques Barzun, An Essay on French Verse [also 154] · 341
ALSO Spain 105 · 342
ALSO Ronsard 164 · 342
WORK Racine, Phèdre (trans. Robert Lowell, Phaedra) · 342
ALSO Molière 345 · 343
THEME INDIVIDUALISM (20C) · 343
PORTRAIT Molière · 344
ALSO Gassendi 346 · 344
VOICE Molière, Mercury speaking of Jupiter in Amphitryon, Prologue (1668) · 345
WORK La Fontaine, Fables (trans. Norman Shapiro) · 346
ALSO Christian stoicism of the previous period 190 · 346
ALSO Locke 365 · 347
PORTRAIT Saint-Evremond · 347
ALSO Fouquet 292 · 347
VOICE Saint-Evremond (1728) · 347
ALSO Bach 288 · 347
VOICE Charles Cotolendi on Saint-Evremond (n.d.) · 348
SECTION the ancients and the moderns · 348
ALSO Tasso 148 · 348
THEME SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS · 349
THEME SECULARISM · 349
SECTION La Rochefoucauld and La Bruyère · 349
ALSO Luther's table talk 16 · 349
ALSO Hazlitt's Table Talk essays 511 · 349
ALSO Castiglione 85 · 351
FURTHER LIGHT Emily James Putnam, The Lady · 351
FURTHER LIGHT Harold Nicolson, Good Behavior · 351
VOICE La Bruyère, Characters (1688) · 352
ALSO the novel 380 · 352
ALSO romance 340 · 352
SECTION 17C creates prose · 353
ALSO Pascal's Letters from a Provincial 219 · 353
FURTHER LIGHT Ludwig Lewisohn, German Style · 354
WORK Translating For King James (ed. Ward Allen) · 354
VOICE Father Bouhours (1671) · 355
THEME SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS, ANALYSIS · 355
VOICE Saint-Simon, on his Memoirs (n.d.) · 355
SECTION Literature in Restoration England; Dryden · 355
FURTHER LIGHT Joseph Wood Krutch, Comedy and Conscience After the Restoration, chapters 1–4 · 356
VOICE Samuel Pepys (1661-1662) · 356
ALSO Augustans 325 · 356
SECTION John Bunyan · 357
VOICE Bunyan, to the Reader of The Pilgrim's Progress (1678) · 357
VOICE Bunyan, The Pilgrim's Progress (1678) · 358
VOICE Samuel Butler, Hudibras (1668) · 358

15. The Encyclopedic Century · 359

SECTION Bayle's Dictionary; Voltaire · 359
THEME EMANCIPATION · 359
THEME ANALYSIS · 359
VOICE Bayle on Sarah, sister and wife of Abraham · 360
ALSO Cartesian science 201 [gives way in France to Newton's physics] · 361
SECTION John Locke · 362
ALSO Bodin, Hobbes 245 267 · 362
ALSO Harrington's Oceana 268 · 362
ALSO Puritan democrats 264 · 362
ALSO Reason and Nature 69 · 362
VOICE John Locke, An Essay Concerning the True Original, Extent, and End of Civil Government (1690) · 363
SECTION Montesquieu; philosophic materialism; Berkeley · 364
ALSO esprit 220 · 364
VOICE Montesquieu, L'Esprit des Lois (1748) · 365
ALSO biology 632-633 · 365
ALSO Newton's biblical research 197 · 366
WORK Berkeley, Commonplace Book · 367
ALSO Thomas Huxley 572 · 367
SECTION the feeble opposition · 367
VOICE Beaumont, Archbishop of Paris (1762) · 367
THEME EMANCIPATION · 367
THEME ABSTRACTION · 367
ALSO self-disestablishing Establishments 427f. 779 · 368
VOICE Clement XIII, Papal Bull, January 9, 1765 · 369
SECTION Diderot · 369
VOICE L'Encyclopédie: Article on Government · 370
ALSO Bayle's Historical and Critical Dictionary 360 · 370
VOICE L'Encyclopédie: Article on Consecrated Bread 270 · 370
ALSO free trade 381–382 · 370
THEME EMANCIPATION · 371
SECTION ambivalence of the authorities toward Voltaire; Diderot's works · 371
ALSO Voltaire's Letters on the English · 372
THEME ABSTRACTION · 373
THEME PRIMITIVISM · 374
ALSO Buffon and biology 376 · 374
VOICE Diderot, Rameau's Nephew (1832) · 374
ALSO radical empiricism 668 · 274
SECTION 18C discoveries · 375
ALSO nature 386 · 375
FURTHER LIGHT Dava Sobel, Longitude (Penguin ed.) · 376
ALSO Bougainville's voyage 374 · 376
ALSO theories of evolution 455 · 377
FURTHER LIGHT I. Bernard Cohen, ed., The Album of Science: Leonardo to Lavoisier · 377
THEME SECULARISM · 378
WORK Voltaire, "The Lisbon Earthquake" (trans. Anthony Hecht) · 378
SECTION Voltaire's writings; Marivaux · 378
ALSO Corneille and Racine 342 · 378
FURTHER LIGHT Oscar A. Haac, Marivaux · 379
ALSO Vico's The New Science 314 · 380
ALSO Herder 482 · 380
SECTION 18C culture · 380
ALSO Lazarillo, character and social scene 111 · 380
ALSO Mme de La Fayette, The Princess of Cleves, a study of passion 352 · 380
ALSO sentimentatlity 410 · 381
ALSO honnête homme 351 · 381
ALSO French domination of German high culture in the 18C 390 · 381
THEME PRIMITIVISM · 382
PORTRAIT Jean-Jacques Rousseau · 382
THEME PRIMITIVISM · 384
THEME ABSTRACTION · 384
FURTHER LIGHT A. M. Osborn, Rousseau and Burke · 385
ALSO "things, not words" in education 181 · 385
ALSO John Dewey 608 · 385
ALSO Montaigne 138 · 386
VOICE Report of a conversation with M. Angard (n.d.) · 386
SECTION Rousseau on music · 387
VOICE Rousseau, on the Paris Opera (1760) · 388
PORTRAIT Johann Sebastian Bach · 388
VOICE Ernest Newman, on Schweitzer's Bach (1911) · 389
ALSO types of music? 495 · 389
ALSO "visceral" music 639 · 389
THEME EMANCIPATION in aid of SECULARISM · 390
VOICE Johann Mattheson, Das Orchestre (1713) [The italicized words are French or derived from French.] · 390
SECTION Rococo and other styles; Hogarth · 391
ALSO sentimentatlity 419 · 391
VOICE Diderot, on a Pastorale by Boucher (1765) · 391

16. Cross Section The View from Weimar Around 1790 · 393

SECTION Frenchified Germans; the Weimar exception · 393
ALSO Louis XIV 285 · 393
PORTRAIT Goethe · 394
THEME German people's SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS dates from Weimar · 395
ALSO Sturm und Drang 396 · 395
ALSO Beaumarchais 400 · 395
WORK Goethe, The Sorrows of Young Werther · 396
ALSO Princesse de Clegrave;ves 352 · 396
THEME ANALYSIS · 396
ALSO sentimentality 410 · 396
SECTION American War of Independence not revolutionary · 396
VOICE Bishop Berkeley, "Verses on the Prospect of Planting Arts and Learning in America" (1726–52) · 397
VOICE John Trumbull, "An Elegy on the Times" (1774) · 397
VOICE Burke, speech on conciliation with America (March 1775) · 398
THEME ABSTRACTION · 398
PORTRAIT Beaumarchais · 399
ALSO B's trial during the French Revolution 424 · 399
ALSO B and the American war of independence · 399
ALSO B's influence on public opinion in 1789 · 399
ALSO the vile bourgeoisie · 399
ALSO sentimental bourgeois comedy 415 · 400
ALSO Gluck 415 · 402
VOICE George Washington (December 1778) · 403
SECTION American culture in the 18C · 404
ALSO Benjamin Franklin 375 · 405
ALSO John Trumbull 397 · 406
ALSO Puritan music 188 [also 262] · 406
VOICE William Bentley, Yale undergraduate (1771) · 407
ALSO Frankin in France 375 · 407
VOICE Benjamin Franklin, "The Interest of Great Britain in Her Colonies, quoting and refuting an English opponent (1760) · 408
VOICE Alexander Hamilton (March 1779) · 408
SECTION English culture in the 18C · 409
THEME EMANCIPATION · 409
ALSO Hogarth 392 · 409
THEME PRIMITIVISM · 409
VOICE Macpherson, Colma's Lament, from Ossian (1762) · 409
ALSO Lesueur [also Le Sueur] 461 · 410
WORK Selected Letters of Horace Walpole (Everyman Library edition) · 410
FURTHER LIGHT Harrison Ross Steeves, Before Jane Austen · 410
SECTION Dr. Johnson; Scotland · 411
FURTHER LIGHT Joseph Wood Krutch, Samuel Johnson · 411
VOICE Johnson to Boswell (May 15, 1783) · 412
WORK Johnson, Journey to the Western Isles of Scotland · 413
ALSO Adam Smith 456 · 413
ALSO Kant 508 · 413
SECTION Beaumarchais, Shiller, Sheridan · 414
ALSO Les Liaisons dangereuses 165 · 414
SECTION Le Chevalier Gluck · 415
ALSO opera seria 327 · 415
VOICE Marie-Antoinette to the Empress Maria Theresia · 415
ALSO Wagner 637 · 416
ALSO Handel 327 · 416
ALSO Vico 315 · 416
VOICE Abbé Dubos (1719) · 415
VOICE Burke, On the Sublime and Beautiful (1756) · 417
THEME ANALYSIS · 417
ALSO Greece 514 · 417
ALSO debate about music 638 · 417
PORTRAIT Mozart (and Haydn) · 417
VOICE Mozart, aged 22 (1778) · 418
FURTHER LIGHT Joan Peyser, The Orchestra · 420
SECTION news from the late 18C · 420
WORK Rousseau, Confessions · 420
FURTHER LIGHT Madeline B. Ellis, Rousseau's Venetian Story · 420
VOICE Maurice Morgann (1777) · 422
ALSO Hume 507 · 422
VOICE Encyclopedia Britannica, 1st Edition (1768-71) · 422
ALSO need for judiciary reform 402 · 423
ALSO new despotism 428-9 · 424

17. The Forgotten Troop · 425

SECTION The French Revolution · 425
ALSO Christian liberty 6 · 425
ALSO popular acceptance of human rights 423 · 425
FURTHER LIGHT Peter Paret, Understanding War · 426
VOICE Mirabeau, to the Assembly on the "patriotic income tax" proposed by Necker (Sept. 26, 1989) · 426
ALSO sans culotttes 434 · 427
ALSO communism 15 · 428
SECTION life and death in the Revolution · 428
ALSO Abbé Sieyès 423 · 429
FURTHER LIGHT Charles Downer Hazen, The French Revolution · 430
FURTHER LIGHT Albert Goodwin, The French Revolution · 430
FURTHER LIGHT Carlyle, The French Revolution · 430
FURTHER LIGHT Simon Schama, Citizens · 430
SECTION Revolutionary reforms · 430
VOICE Coleridge's memory of 1789 in "France: an Ode" (1798) · 430
ALSO Wordsworth 8 43?? · 430
ALSO Hazlitt 510 · 430
ALSO "Two Frances" 297 630 · 432
ALSO "Paris school" of music 461 · 432
ALSO Deism 360 · 433
SECTION nationalism; equality · 434
ALSO Carnot (family) 695 · 434
VOICE Act of August 23, 1793, drafted by Carnot · 435
ALSO equality 362 · 435
VOICE David Riesman, The Lonely Crowd (1950) · 435
SECTION A Forgotten Troop of intellectual discoverers · 436
FURTHER LIGHT John E. Lesch, Science and Medicine in France 1790–1855 · 437
PORTRAIT Thomas Beddoes · 437
VOICE Dr. Thomas Beddoes (c. 1807) · 438
ALSO metric system 432 · 438
PORTRAIT Georg Christoph Lichtenberg · 439
VOICE Lichtenberg, Notebooks · 440
ALSO Renaissance man 78-9 · 440
ALSO Germans 451 · 440
ALSO Kant 413 · 441
VOICE Kant (1783) · 441
VOICE The Times of London (Aug. 4, 1797) · 441
SECTION With the Brain Trust in Egypt · 442
ALSO French academies 432 · 445
ALSO the Rosetta stone 446 · 445
SECTION Lamarck 455 · 445
VOICE Hardy, The Dynasts (1903) · 447
SECTION French literature during the Revolution · 447
FURTHER LIGHT Peter Weiss, Marat-Sade · 448
VOICE Restif de la Bretonne, Paris Nights (1794) · 449
WORK Restif de la Bretonne, Paris Nights · 449
WORK Vidocq, The Memoirs · 449
PORTRAIT Germaine de Staël · 450
ALSO religion of art 474 · 450
VOICE De Staël, On Literature and Society (1800) · 451
WORK De Staël, On Germany · 451
ALSO chivalric literature in France 233 · 451
SECTION Authors and Idéologues · 452
VOICE Chamfort · 452
ALSO La Rochfoucauld 349 · 452
ALSO Swift 323 · 452
VOICE Joubert · 452
ALSO medical advances of the time 437 · 453
ALSO Stendahl 476 · 453
VOICE Destutt de Tracy, Elements of Ideology (1817) · 453
THEME SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS · 453
ALSO paralyzing secular self-consciousness 785 · 453
VOICE Brillat-Savarin, Meditations (1825) · 454
SECTION evolution, phrenology, economics · 455
ALSO Buffon 376 · 455
ALSO between Erasmus Darwin and Charles Darwin 502 · 455
ALSO Charles Darwin 570 · 455
ALSO phrenology 503 · 456
VOICE Sismondi, Studies in Political Economy (1818–36) · 456
ALSO Marx 588 · 457
SECTION 18C feminism · 457
ALSO "man" 82 · 457
VOICE Olympe de Gouges, The Rights of Woman (1790) · 457
ALSO 19C feminism 696 · 458
THEME EMANCIPATION · 459
ALSO Victorianism 551 · 459
SECTION the arts and music before 1830 · 459
ALSO congressional thrift 404 · 460
ALSO Expressionism 650 · 460
ALSO photography 586 · 460
ALSO Houdon 391 · 460
ALSO the 18C American school of painters 405 · 461
VOICE Boris Schwarz, French Instrumental Music 1789–1830 (1987) · 462
ALSO 1830 (July Revolution) 493 · 462
ALSO England's move away from neo-classicism in the late 18C 409 · 462

III: From Faust, Part I, to the "Nude Descending a Staircse No.2" (1790–1913) · 463

18. The Work of Mind-and-Heart · 465

SECTION Romanticism · 465
ALSO Victorianism 550 · 465
VOICE The Times, London (July 24, 1815) · 465
ALSO productive oppositions, as in the Renaissance 56 · 466
ALSO Bach 388 · 467
DIGRESSION "romantic" · 467
VOICE Carolyn Heilbrun (1986) · 468
THEME SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS · 469
SECTION the three generations of Romanticism · 469
ALSO arts under the Revolution and Napoleon 447 · 469
ALSO Realism 558 · 469
FURTHER LIGHT Jacques Barzun, Classic, Romantic, and Modern · 469
VOICE Newman (1841) · 470
ALSO Destutt de Tracy 453 · 470
ALSO hsin, heart-and-mind 202 · 470
ALSO Doppelgänger 473 · 470
VOICE Blake (1793) · 470
ALSO Pascal 219 · 471
ALSO Spinoza 359 · 471
VOICE Walter Scott, The Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805) · 471
WORK Chateaubriand, The Genius of Christianity · 471
VOICE Chateaubriand, "Of Church Bells," The Genius of Christianity (1802) · 472
ALSO Saint-Simon 355 · 472
SECTION imagination of the real · 472
ALSO aimless violence 393 · 473
THEME SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS · 473
VOICE Goethe (1823) · 473
ALSO 20C "creativity" 787 · 474
SECTION love in the age of Romanticism · 474
VOICE Gautier, Mademoiselle de Maupin · 474
ALSO Germain de Staël 450 · 475
VOICE Stendahl, On Love (1822) · 476
ALSO human rights 431 · 477
SECTION Romanticist art is comprehensive · 477
VOICE De Maistre (1795) · 477
VOICE Blake (c. 1808) · 478
ALSO Jean-Paul Richter 132 · 479
ALSO Naturalism 623 · 480
THEME EMANCIPATION · 480
ALSO Wordsworth 477 · 480
ALSO the Pléïade 163 · 480
SECTION the expansion of experience; history · 481
ALSO Voltaire 379 · 481
VOICE Napoleon, Political Testament (April 1821) · 482
ALSO Goetz von Berlichingen 14 · 483
FURTHER LIGHT Edgar Johnson, Sir Walter Scott · 483
SECTION the Romanticist hero · 483
VOICE Stendahl on Napoleon (1816) · 483
ALSO legend of Dr Faustus 112 · 483
VOICE Bonaparte (1802, 1811, c. 1800) · 484
VOICE Beethoven (c. 1820) · 484
ALSO "the Germanies" 393 · 485
PORTRAIT Byron · 485
ALSO human rights 431 · 486
WORK Byron, Don Juan · 486
ALSO Greece 514 · 486
WORK The Letters of Byron, ed. Jacques Barzun · 486
SECTION education: Froebel, Pestalozzi, Horace Mann · 486
ALSO things, not words · 488
VOICE Jean-Paul Richter, Levana (1806) · 488
THEME EMANCIPATION · 488
ALSO decay of schooling 793 · 488

19. Cross Section The View from Paris Around 1830 · 491

SECTION Paris in 1830 · 491
WORK Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People · 494
PORTRAIT Berlioz · 494
ALSO Gluck 416 · 494
WORK Berlioz, Symphonie Fantastique · 494
VOICE Berlioz (c. 1835) · 495
ALSO "program music" 639 · 495
FURTHER LIGHT Brian Primmer, The Berlioz Style · 496
VOICE Berlioz (1855) · 496
VOICE Brian Primmer, The Berlioz Style (1973) · 497
SECTION society and stage · 497
FURTHER LIGHT Norman Longmate, King Cholera · 497
WORK Dickens, Pickwick Papers, Chap. 35 · 488
FURTHER LIGHT Ellen Moers, The Dandy From Brummel to Beerbohm · 498
FURTHER LIGHT Harold Nicolson, Good Behavior · 498
ALSO Wagner 637 · 499
ALSO Maria Taglioni 516 · 499
VOICE Byron, "To the Publisher" of "The Waltz" (1812) · 500
WORK Byron, "The Waltz" · 500
WORK Berlioz, Symphony Fantastique, 2nd movement · 500
SECTION controversy over evolution · 501
ALSO evolution 455 · 501
ALSO Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in Egypt 445 · 501
ALSO Charles Darwin on the Beagle · 501
VOICE Lady Constance in Disraeli's Tancred (1847) · 502
THEME ANALYSIS · 502
SECTION philology; race · 502
ALSO the "German race" 295 · 503
ALSO phrenology 456 · 503
ALSO skull anthropology 578 · 503
SECTION the Far East and the United States · 503
ALSO Schopenhauer 556 · 504
ALSO Mrs. Trollope 517 · 504
ALSO German ideas 409 · 504
VOICE Emerson, "Brahma" (1830/1857) · 505
WORK Emerson, "The American Scholar" · 505
THEME INDIVIDUALISM · 506
WORK Thoreau, Walden, "Civil Disobedience" · 506
THEME PRIMITIVISM · 506
VOICE Goethe (Weimar, 1821) · 507
WORK Tocqueville, Democracy in America · 507
SECTION 19C philosophy · 507
ALSO radical empiricism 668 · 508
ALSO Marx 549 · 508
ALSO Prussia 395 · 508
ALSO Hume 507-8 · 509
ALSO Comte (not Duc) de Saint-Simon 522 · 509
PORTRAIT Hazlitt · 510
ALSO the forgotten troop 436 · 510
VOICE Hazlitt, "On Criticism" (1821) · 511
ALSO art theories 730 · 511
WORK Hazlitt, Winterslow, ed. W. C. Hazlitt · 511
WORK Hazlitt, Liber Amoris · 511
WORK Hazlitt, The Spirit of the Times · 511
VOICE Harold Bloom (1998) · 512
ALSO Germaine de Staël 450 · 512
VOICE John Kinnaird (1978) · 512
FURTHER LIGHT John Kinnaird, William Hazlitt · 512
ALSO radical empiricism 668 · 512
SECTION 19C Romanticist art · 512
ALSO Impressionism 644 · 513
VOICE Yeats, "A Nativity [Delacroix]," Last Poems (1936–39) · 513
ALSO Claude Ledoux 459 · 514
ALSO Byron in Greece 486 · 514
ALSO Winckelmann 417 · 514
WORK Goethe, Faust, Part II · 514
ALSO Theatre of the Absurd 754 · 515
VOICE Gautier, Le Ballet Romantique (1858) · 515
ALSO Maria Taglioni 499 · 516
SECTION Shakespeare: the Bard · 517
ALSO Maurice Morgann 422 · 517

20. The Mother of Parliaments · 519

SECTION 1789 a Liberal Revolution; Metternich's policy of containment · 519
THEME INDIVIDUALISM · 519
ALSO INDIVIDUALISM in 20C 777 · 519
THEME EMANCIPATION · 520
SECTION continuity in the midst of great changes; socialism · 521
THEME ANALYSIS, SECULARISM, ABSTRACTION · 522
ALSO 1848-51 debacle 547 · 522
ALSO Comte de Saint-Simon, distant relative of the duke 294 355 · 522
VOICE Saint-Simon (1825) · 523
ALSO Babeuf and Buonarotti 428 · 523
ALSO 19C revival of faith 471 · 525
THEME INDIVIDUALISM · 525
VOICE Carlyle on Man in Sartor Resartus (1831) · 527
WORK Carlyle, On Heroes and Hero Worship, Past and Present · 527
ALSO Auguste Comte 509 · 527
ALSO socialism in 1848 549 · 527
SECTION the English "constitution" · 528
PORTRAIT Sydney Smith · 529
VOICE Sydney Smith (1811) · 530
WORK Dickens, Pickwick Papers, Chap. 13 · 530
VOICE Sydney Smith, on the critic's task · 531
ALSO Tractarians 471 · 532
ALSO Mme de Staël 450 · 533
FURTHER LIGHT Hesketh Pearson, The Smith of Smiths · 534
WORK Selected Writings of Sydney Smith, ed. W. H. Auden · 534
SECTION who should vote? the necessity counting and control in an industrial society · 534
ALSO "the rising bourgeoisie" 243 · 534
THEME EMANCIPATION · 534
ALSO the Tory party 526 · 535
ALSO the Stat Life 795 · 535
SECTION government and society · 535
THEME INDIVIDUALISM · 535
ALSO lobbies 780 · 536
VOICE E. N. Bennett, Problems of Village Life · 537
WORK Tocqueville, Democracy in America · 537
VOICE Tocqueville, Democracy in America (1835) · 538
WORK Gustave de Beaumont, Marie · 538
VOICE Tocqueville, on the effects of future democratization (1840) · 539
SECTION the railroad · 539
ALSO Sydney Smith 533 · 540
WORK De Quincey, "The English Mail Coach" · 540
VOICE Rule Book of the Pennsylvania Lines (1901) · 541
VOICE Thomas Creevey (1829) · 542
FURTHER LIGHT L.T.C. Rolt, George and Robert Stephenson: The Railway Revolution · 543
FURTHER LIGHT [Rolt's book on Isambard Kingdom Brunel] · 543
FURTHER LIGHT Carroll L. V. Meeks, The Railroad Station · 543
THEME ABSTRACTION · 544
SECTION the "scientist" · 544
ALSO Laplace 439 · 544
SECTION the orchestra, the piano, and the organ · 545
VOICE A. Cavaillé-Coll, Specifications for the St. Denis organ (1833) · 546
SECTION events of 1848 · 547
ALSO events of 1870 587f. · 548
FURTHER LIGHT Raymond Postgate, The Story of a Year: 1848 · 548
VOICE G. Ludlow in Politics for the People, a Christian Socialist weekly (May 13, 1848) · 548
VOICE Tocqueville, Speech to the Assembly (Jan. 27, 1848) · 549

21. Things Ride Mankind · 551

SECTION moralism; women · 551
ALSO 20C conformity 783 · 551
VOICE Anon., Hints on Etiquette (1836) · 551
ALSO erotic passion 575 · 552
ALSO Butler, The Way of All Flesh 633 · 553
SECTION the machine age · 554
THEME ABSTRACTION · 554
SECTION Realism; Neo-Classsicism · 555
THEME EMANCIPATION · 556
ALSO Blanqui 428 · 556
WORK Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Idea · 556
VOICE George Gissing (1895) · 557
THEME ANALYSIS · 557
WORK Flaubert, Madame Bovary · 557
ALSO Courbet 566 · 557
WORK Flaubert, L'Education Sentimentale, trans. Perdita Burlingame · 558
ALSO Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood 567 · 558
WORK Baudelaire, Flowers of Evil · 559
FURTHER LIGHT Roger L. Williams, The Horror of Life · 559
THEME ANALYSIS · 559
VOICE J. J. Farjeon, Number Seventeen (1928) · 560
FURTHER LIGHT C. P. Snow, The Realists · 560
ALSO Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 501 · 560
VOICE Henry James on Balzac (1903) · 561
ALSO Balzac, "The Unkown Masterpiece" 644 · 561
WORK Flaubert, The Dictionary of Accepted Ideas · 561
SECTION poetry; Poe · 561
ALSO Tennyson, Maud 562 · 561
ALSO the detective story 739 · 562
SECTION English and other novelists: Dickens, et al.; theater · 563
WORK George Meredith, The Egoist · 564
ALSO Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. 585 · 563
WORK Thomas Love Peacock, Nightmare Abbey · 563
FURTHER LIGHT Wilson Disher, Melodrama · 565
WORK Becque, La Parisienne · 565
SECTION painting · 566
ALSO Neo-Classicism 558 · 566
FURTHER LIGHT Sarah Faunce, Courbet · 566
ALSO Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood 558 · 567
ALSO Monet's Gare St. Lazare [as well as Manet's] 644 · 567
ALSO operatic scenery and props 499 · 567
SECTION historical writing · 568
ALSO Voltaire 379 · 568
ALSO Scott's novels 482 · 568
VOICE Lord Acton [on Macaulay] (n.d.) · 568
ALSO history as science 654 655 · 569
VOICE Albert Jay Nock, Jefferson (1926) · 569
SECTION Darwin; the debate on religion and science · 570
THEME REDUCTIONIONISM · 570
VOICE Mortimer Collins (1860) · 571
FURTHER LIGHT Norman Macbeth, Darwin Retried · 571
THEME ANALYSIS · 572
ALSO Higher Criticism 359 · 572
ALSO Puseyites 532 · 572
ALSO Liberalism's Great Switch 688 · 574
THEME SCIENTISM · 574
FURTHER LIGHT G. M. Young, Victorian England: Portrait of an Age · 574
VOICE Arnold, "Dover Beach" (1867) · 574
ALSO Society for Psychical Research 664 · 575
SECTION sexual matters · 575
ALSO Victorian aware of the sexual instinct 552 · 575
VOICE The Lonton Times (August 8, 1861) [crime passionnel] · 575
WORK Leoncavallo, La Bohème · 576
WORK Puccini, La Bohème · 576
ALSO 20C sexual "revolution" 790 · 577
FURTHER LIGHT Steven Marcus, The Other Victorians · 577
SECTION race · 577
ALSO phrenology 456 503 · 577
ALSO Tacitus 9 · 579
VOICE Alfred Fouillée (1893) · 579
FURTHER LIGHT Jacques Barzun, Race: A Study in Superstition · 579
SECTION the Crimean War · 579
VOICE Tennyson, Maud: a Monodrama (1855) · 580
PORTRAIT Florence Nightingale · 580
PORTRAIT Walter Bagehot · 581
WORK Bagehot, The English Constitution · 582
VOICE Bagehot to his fiancée (Feb. 1, 1858) · 582
ALSO Darwinism 571 · 582
SECTION The Women Travelers · 583
WORK Jane Robinson, ed., Unsuitable for Ladies: An Anthology · 583
FURTHER LIGHT Linda Grant De Pauw, Seafaring Women · 583
SECTION the American Civil War · 583
ALSO end of slavery in western society 547 · 584
ALSO "Jim Crow" laws 592 · 584
WORK Whitman, Leaves of Grass · 584
VOICE Tocqueville, Democracy in America · 584
VOICE Holmes, "My Hunt After 'the Captain'" 586 · 585
PORTRAIT Oliver Wendell Holmes · 585
WORK Holmes, The Autocrat at the Breakfast Table · 585
SECTION photography · 586
ALSO the Naturalistic novel (625) · 587
SECTION 1870; Marx · 587
VOICE Col. J. C. Stanley on the Paris Commune (1871) · 588
ALSO Sismondi 457 · 588
THEME ABSTRACTION · 589

22. Cross Section The View from Chicago Around 1895 · 591

SECTION repression and reform · 591
ALSO political assinations · 592
VOICE Sung in Chicago and elsewhere (1885) [the eight hour workday] · 593
VOICE Albert Jay Nock (1933) · 594
VOICE The Reverend Hugh Price Hughes (1890) [on Andrew Carnegie] · 595
VOICE Andrew Carnegie, The Gospel of Wealth (1900) · 596
THEME INIDIVIDUALISM · 596
ALSO the Great Switch 688 · 596
WORK Finley Peter Dunne, Mr. Dooley in Peace and in War · 596
VOICE Mr. Dooley (1898) · 597
ALSO [academic] criticism 790 798 · 597
SECTION techne; the news in newspapers · 597
FURTHER LIGHT R. John Way, The Bicycle · 598
ALSO the Brooklyn Bridge 594 · 598
SECTION "the Nineties": 1885–1905 · 599
ALSO Brown Decades 592 · 599
ALSO Aestheticism 621 · 599
ALSO A Summit of Energies 615 · 600
VOICE Guide to the Columbian Exposition (1893) · 600
ALSO Louis Sullivan (648) · 601
FURTHER LIGHT Floyd Clymer, Scrapbook of Early Advertising Art · 602
FURTHER LIGHT Steffan Linder, The Harried Leisure Class · 603
THEME EMANCIPATION [of the servant class by home appliances] · 603
ALSO Functionalism 601 605 · 604
SECTION American art, American universities · 604
ALSO Symbolist poetry 620 · 604
ALSO Nicholas Murray Butler 746 · 607
ALSO 20C science 750 · 607
SECTION American culture · 607
SECTION education · 608
ALSO "words not things" 181 · 608
THEME EMANCIPATION · 608
WORK Henri Poincaré, Science and Hypothesis · 609
THEME INDIVIDUALISM · 609
ALSO Dr. Beddoes' educational toys 438 · 609
ALSO new science of psychology 659 · 610
ALSO Freud 641 · 610
SECTION women's rights; the stage · 610
THEME EMANCIPATION · 610
VOICE "Let Us All Speak Our Minds" (1848) · 610
ALSO Oliver Wendell Holmes' three novels 586 · 611
ALSO Molière's Précieuses · 612
VOICE Mr. Dooley in Peace and War (1890) · 613

23. A Summit of Energies · 615

SECTION revaluation of values · 615
ALSO the "Nineties" 599 · 615
THEME PRIMITIVISM, EMANCIPATION · 615
WORK Oscar Wilde, The Importance of Being Earnest · 615
ALSO Samuel Butler 553 · 615
ALSO art as a guide to conduct 617 · 616
ALSO Pragmatism 665 · 617
ALSO art for life's sake 620 · 617
SECTION Are We Decadent? · 617
VOICE Pope Leo XIII (January 1901) · 618
ALSO Realism 559 · 618
ALSO Rimbaud 622 · 618
SECTION abolitionism and aestheticsm · 619
ALSO Symbolism 620 · 619
WORK Alfred Jarry, Ubu roi · 619
VOICE André Gide (1926) [on Jarry] · 619
ALSO the Cubist Decade 643 · 620
WORK Walter Pater, Marius the Epicurean · 620
ALSO The Importance of Being Earnest 615 · 620
ALSO "creativity" 788 · 621
SECTION Aestheticsm: pure sensation · 621
ALSO Poe 562 · 621
THEME EMANCIPATION · 622
ALSO "form" in art 723 · 622
THEME EMANCIPATION · 623
ALSO "abstract art" 723 · 623
WORK Mallarmé, "Brise Marine" (Sea Breeze) · 623
SECTION Naturalism · 623
ALSO Balzac 560 · 624
ALSO Flaubert 557-8 · 625
ALSO Dr. Nordau 618 · 625
SECTION sexual revolution; bodily health · 626
THEME EMANCIPATION · 626
ALSO Meredith's Egoist 564 · 627
THEME PRIMITIVISM · 628
SECTION turn-of-the-century violence · 629
ALSO assassinations 695 · 630
ALSO Marx 589 · 630
THEME INDIVIDUALISM · 630
WORK Nineteen-Century Opinion, ed. Michael Goodwin · 631
SECTION science · 631
ALSO Positivism 509 · 632
FURTHER LIGHT L. Pierce Williams, Album of Science: The 19th Century · 632
VOICE Strindberg, The Blue Notebook · 632
VOICE Henry Adams (1903) · 632
PORTRAIT Samuel Butler · 633
ALSO evolution 455 501 571 · 633
ALSO The Way of All Flesh · 633
VOICE Shaw, Preface to Major Barbara (1907) [on Samuel Butler] · 634
ALSO Erasmus Darwin 455 · 634
ALSO Pragmatism 666 · 634
ALSO Samuel Johnson 411 · 634
VOICE Samuel Butler, Notebooks (n.d.) · 635
SECTION medicine, myth; Wagnerism and music · 636
THEME PRIMITIVISM · 636
ALSO Edward Carpenter's Civilization, Its Cause and Cure 628 · 636
ALSO opera 327 · 637
ALSO art as perfection of form 621 · 638
ALSO J. S. Bach 388 · 639
VOICE Edmund Gurney, "Wagner and Wagnerism" (1883) · 639

24. The Cubist Decade · 643

SECTION a positive turn · 643
VOICE André Gide (1918) · 643
VOICE Leonard Woolf, Sowing (1961) · 643
THEME EMANCIPATION · 644
VOICE Balzac's hero in "The Unknown Masterpiece" (1832) · 644
WORK George Moore, Modern Painting · 644
VOICE Delacroix, Reminiscences (n.d.) · 645
ALSO Romanticism 479 · 645
ALSO Roger Fry and Clive Bell 622 · 646
SECTION Cubism · 647
THEME ANALYSIS · 647
ALSO Art Deco 725 · 648
SECTION simultaneity · 648
VOICE Wassily Kandisnky, Concerning the Spiritual in Art (1914) · 648
THEME ANALYSIS · 649
ALSO "abstract art" 723 · 650
ALSO Abolitionism 619 · 650
WORK Stefan Zweig, The World of Yesterday [also 698] · 651
SECTION populism and social fact; generalities · 651
VOICE Lebon, The Psychology of Crowds (1895) · 652
VOICE Durckheim, The Rules of Sociological Method (1895) · 652
ALSO Karl Lamprecht 656 · 652
THEME ABSTRACTION · 653
THEME ABSTRACTION · 654
ALSO the thinking historian shows patterns xiv · 654
SECTION anthropology, linguistics, psychology · 656
ALSO psychology and biography 792 · 656
ALSO physiology 578 · 656
VOICE John Casey (1994) · 657
THEME PRIMITIVISM · 657
ALSO Aryans 503 · 657
ALSO "pure art" 640 · 657
VOICE Anon., Pages from a Private Diary (1899) [on William and Henry James] · 660
ALSO Destutt de Tracy 453 · 660
ALSO Radical Empiricism 668 · 660
ALSO discussions of sexuality 625 · 662
ALSO Dr. Beddoes 438 · 662
THEME ANALYSIS · 662
FURTHER LIGHT Paul E. Stepansky, In Freud's Shadow · 662
VOICE Freud (1930) · 663
SECTION spirits; economics · 663
VOICE Annie Besant, "The Conditions of Life After Dath" (1896) · 664
THEME INDIVIDUALISM · 664
ALSO spirit communication 574 · 664
ALSO Edumund Gurney 639 · 664
VOICE Swami Vivekânanda, Râja Yoga (1897) · 664
THEME SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS · 664
ALSO Mercantilism 292 · 665
THEME EMANCIPATION · 665
ALSO welfare state 777 · 665
SECTION Pragmatism; William James · 665
DIGRESSION "pragmatism" · 666
VOICE Emerson (1840) · 666
VOICE Bergson (1909) · 667
VOICE Whitehead (1925) · 668
VOICE Leo Stein (1948) · 669
SECTION Nietzsche; Tolstoy · 669
VOICE Nietzsche (1882) · 670
THEME INDIVIDUALISM · 671
ALSO 20C compassion 787 · 671
FURTHER LIGHT George Allen Morgan, What Nietzsche Means · 671
WORK Tolstoy, What Is Art? · 672
VOICE William James on "The Moral Equivalent of War" (1910) · 673
SECTION literature · 673
VOICE Huysmans, Preface to A Rebours (Against the Grain) (1884) · 674
VOICE Gide, The Counterfeiters (1926) · 675
ALSO Finnegans Wake 720 · 675
SECTION theater; poetry · 675
ALSO melodrama 565 · 675
FURTHER LIGHT Eric Bentley, The Playwright as Thinker · 675
ALSO Hardy's novels 625 · 676
SECTION music · 677
THEME PRIMITIVISM · 677
ALSO Verdi 638 · 678
FURTHER LIGHT Constant Lambert, Music Ho! · 678
THEME EMANCIPATION · 678
ALSO jazz 738 · 679
THEME 20C ANALYSIS · 679

IV: From "the Great Illusion" to "Western Civ Has Got to Go" (1914–2000) · 681

25. The Great Illusion · 683

SECTION Wells, Chesterton, Belloc, and Shaw · 683
ALSO Fabian Socialists 686 · 683
ALSO newspapers 599 · 684
VOICE T. S. Matthews (1959) · 684
PORTRAIT Shaw · 685
VOICE G. K. Chesterton on Shaw (1936) · 685
FURTHER LIGHT Anne Fremantle, This Little Band of Prophets · 686
ALSO Samuel Butler 634 · 686
ALSO Nietzsche 670 · 686
WORK Shaw, Man and Superman · 687
VOICE Don Juan to the Devil, in Shaw's Man and Superman (1904) · 686
VOICE George Sorel (1908) · 688
SECTION the Great Switch · 688
WORK G. Lowes Dickinson, A Modern Symposium · 688
SECTION towards war · 689
WORK Bernard Shaw, Arms and the Man · 689
ALSO monarchs' revolution 239 · 690
VOICE Sir Fairfax Carwright, Ambassador to Austria, to the Foreign Office (Jan. 31, 1913) · 690
ALSO Boer and Spanish wars · 692
ALSO Boxer Rebellion · 692
SECTION the war spirit; race · 692
ALSO Social Darwinism 572 · 692
VOICE Ernest Renan (1876) · 693
VOICE Baron Karl von Stengel (1901) · 693
VOICE Homer Lea (1895) · 693
VOICE Bernard Shaw (Jan, 1, 1914) · 693
ALSO "culture" xviii · 695
SECTION violence and the intellectuals · 695
WORK Oscar Wilde, Vera, or the Nihilists · 695
VOICE Shaw, Press Cuttings (1909) · 696
FURTHER LIGHT Peter Shankland, Death of an Editor · 697
SECTION states of mind · 697
WORK Maxim Gorky, The Seven That Were Hanged · 697
VOICE Andreyev, The Life of Man (1906) · 698
ALSO la belle époque? 651 · 698
FURTHER LIGHT John Lukacs, Budapest 1900 · 698
FURTHER LIGHT Stefan Zweig, The World of Yesterday [also 651] · 698
ALSO shrinking cultural gap 679 · 698
THEME PRIMITIVISM · 699
ALSO Edward Carpenter 636 · 699
THEME EMANCIPATION · 699
VOICE Paul Souday in Le Temps (May 11, 1917) · 700
ALSO Dreyfus Affair 630 696 · 700
FURTHER LIGHT Ronald N. Stromberg, Redemption by War: The Intellectuals and 1914 · 700
VOICE Monsignor Cabrieres, Aug. 28, 1917 · 701
FURTHER LIGHT Carolyn Playne, Society at War · 701
FURTHER LIGHT Magnus Hirschfield, The Sexual History of the World War, "Translated from the German and Intended for Circulation Among Mature Educated Persons Only." · 702
SECTION an unexpected kind of war · 703
VOICE Col. G. L. McEntee Military History of the World War · 704
ALSO Central Europe 711 · 705
WORK Norman Angell, The Great Illusion · 706
SECTION intellectuals in and above the frenzy · 706
ALSO "blond beast of prey" 670 · 706
ALSO German Manifesto 699 · 707
VOICE Paris-Midi, July 30, 1917 [on Seltzer Water] · 707
WORK Shaw, Common Sense About the War · 707
SECTION the home fronts · 708
FURTHER LIGHT Henry Lafarge, L'Europe Blessée · 708
VOICE Shaw on the civilians' anti-German fury (1917) · 709
VOICE Arnold White, The Hidden Hand (1917) · 710

26. The Artist Prophet and Jester · 713

SECTION popular Modernism · 713
ALSO philistine alive during the Cubist Decade 647 · 713
ALSO "art for life's sake" 620 · 714
ALSO "Middle Ages" 224 · 714
THEME EMANCIPATION · 714
SECTION literature · 714
ALSO the welfare state 688 · 714
WORK T. S. Eliot, The Waste Land · 715
WORK Joyce, Ulysses · 715
WORK Shaw, Heartbreak House · 715
WORK Proust, Remembrance of Things Past ["in search of lost time"] · 715
ALSO prose 353 · 716
ALSO populism 595 651 · 716
WORK Yeats · 717
SECTION overlapping styles of art · 717
VOICE Wyndham Lewis (1915) · 718
VOICE Ernest Hemingway (1925) · 718
THEME PRIMITIVISM · 718
VOICE On the cover of Dada No. 3 (1917) · 719
VOICE Gerald Bullet, The Jury (1935) · 719
ALSO Marcel Duchamp 722 · 719
ALSO Abolitionism 619 · 719
ALSO H. M. Barzun 648 · 719
VOICE André Breton (1934) · 720
THEME INDIVIDUALISM · 720
VOICE DADA SONG · 720
THEME EMANCIPATION · 720
ALSO 18C Gothic 410 · 721
SECTION modernist art · 721
VOICE Constant Lambert (1934) · 721
FURTHER LIGHT Calvin Tomkins, The World of Marcel Duchamp · 722
THEME EMANCIPATION · 722
THEME ABSTRACTION · 723
ALSO art as line, color, texture 622 646 · 723
ALSO music as sound 727 · 724
FURTHER LIGHT Ortega y Gasset, The Dehumanization of Art · 724
SECTION architecture and design · 725
ALSO design 726 · 725
ALSO machine industry 554 · 725
FURTHER LIGHT Henry Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson, The International Style · 725
ALSO Auguste Perret 677 · 725
THEME REDUCTIVISM · 726
WORK Robert Loewy, Industrial Design · 727
SECTION music · 727
VOICE Constant Lambert, "The Mechanical Stimulus" (1934) · 727
THEME EMANCIPATION · 728
WORK Varèse, Ionisation · 728
VOICE Karlheinz Stockhausen (1969) · 728
THEME SCIENTISM · 729
ALSO 19C orchestra · 729
WORK Harry Partch, Genesis of a Music · 729
SECTION Mondernist theories and moods · 730
VOICE John Marin (c. 1910) · 730
VOICE Tristan Tzara (1926) · 731
THEME SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS · 732
SECTION resistance to Modernism · 732
THEME EMANCIPATION · 732
SECTION literature and life in the Twenties · 733
THEME EMANCIPATION · 734
THEME EMANCIPATION · 734
WORK John Held, Jr., drawings · 735
WORK Percy Marks, The Plastic Age · 735
SECTION theater and other entertainment · 735
ALSO Stanislavsky 675 · 736
ALSO D. W. Griffith 649 · 736
ALSO Isadora Duncan 677 · 738
SECTION crime fiction · 739
ALSO tales and novels 111 352 · 739
VOICE E. M. Wrong (1926) · 739
VOICE R. T. M. Scott, "Bombay Duck" (1929) · 739
THEME SCIENTISM · 740
VOICE Emerson, "Compensation" · 740
FURTHER LIGHT J. Barzun and W. H. Taylor, eds., Catalogue of Crime · 740
ALSO spy stories and true crime 739?? · 741
PORTRAIT Dorothy Sayers · 741
WORK Dorothy Sayers, Gaudy Night · 742
WORK Dorothy Sayers, Murder Must Advertise · 742
WORK Dorothy Sayers, The Mind of the Maker · 742
VOICE Dorothy Sayers, Pantheon Papers · 743
VOICE Dorothy Sayers: Prospectus for a series of books to be edited by her (1940) · 744

27. Embracing the Absurd · 745

SECTION between the wars; Laval · 745
FURTHER LIGHT William Wiser, The Crazy Years: Paris in the Twenties · 745
FURTHER LIGHT D. C. Somervell, Between the Wars · 746
ALSO punitive war reparations 711 · 746
FURTHER LIGHT René de Chambrun, Laval, Traitor or Patriot? · 749
SECTION science and techne between the wars · 749
VOICE Anatole France to Nicholas Ségur (c. 1920) · 750
VOICE Headline over a review of two books in Science (1962) · 752
PORTRAIT James Agate · 753
VOICE James Agate · 753
VOICE James Agate in Ego (1935) · 754
WORK J. Barzun, ed., The Later Ego [Ego 8 and 9] · 754
SECTION absuridty and existentialism · 754
VOICE Ronald [R. D.] Laing, Knots (1970) · 756
ALSO Surrealism 723 · 757
VOICE Jean-François Revel (1970) · 758
VOICE Winston Churchill, at Harvard (1943) · 759
ALSO serious-absurd in the arts 722 · 759
VOICE The artistic director of the Shaw Festival, in Canada (1995) · 759
VOICE Jonathan Miller on some effects in painting (1990) · 760
THEME SCIENTISM · 760
SECTION Relativism · 760
VOICE Louis MacNeice, "Snow" (1970) · 762
ALSO murther 228 · 762
ALSO 6th commandment not absolute 701 · 762
SECTION Communism; civil rights; revolt of the young · 763
ALSO Middle Ages 229 · 766
THEME EMANCIPATION · 766
SECTION statistics, models · 766
THEME ABSTRACTION, ANALYSIS · 766
THEME ANALYSIS · 766
ALSO philosphies of history 653 · 768
SECTION security and freedom: Dostoevsky's "Grand Inquisitor" · 769
WORK Dostoevsky, "The Grand Inquistor," a chapter in The Brothers Karamazov · 770
ALSO Peter the Great 319 · 771

28. Demotic Life and Times - A View from New York Around 1995 · 773

SECTION a demotic not a democratic age · 773
SECTION Separatism · 774
ALSO "our culture?" xvii · 774
THEME EMANCIPATION · 775
SECTION violence in the welfare state · 776
VOICE Ice-T, internationally renowned rapper (1998) · 777
VOICE William Stafford, "Freedom" (1970) · 777
SECTION bureaucracy · 778
VOICE Louis B. Lundborg, The Art of Being an Executive · 778
VOICE Philip K. Howard, The Death of Common Sense · 779
SECTION government · 779
SECTION the unconditioned life · 781
THEME EMANCIPATION · 781
ALSO informality 734 · 781
VOICE Judith Martin (1996) · 782
VOICE News item, June 17, 1999 [on decriminalizing certain offenses] · 782
THEME EMANCIPATION · 783
VOICE Letter in the New York Times (1991) [on protests] · 783
VOICE Bill Murray, actor (1999) [on going to college] · 783
SECTION conglomeration · 784
VOICE Richard Foster, "Defining Museums for the 21st Century" (1998) · 784
VOICE Julian Spalding, director of the Manchester (England) City Gallery (1989) · 784
VOICE At a college in the Northeast (1998) · 784
VOICE David Travis (1994) · 784
VOICE The dean of an Ivy-League collee to arriving students · 785
VOICE New York Times (1996) · 785
THEME SPECIALISM, EMANCIPATION, SEPARATISM · 785
SECTION the demotic self · 785
VOICE Lord Leighton (1857) · 786
ALSO the joy to be alive 8 · 786
THEME SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS, ANALYSIS · 786
VOICE Maureen Dowd (1995) · 786
VOICE Cecil Jenkins, Message from Sirius (1961) · 786
SECTION compassion, irreverence, creativity · 786
ALSO surfeit of art 790 · 788
FURTHER LIGHT Max Eastman, Journalism Versus Art · 788
VOICE Interview, New York Times (1996) · 789
VOICE News item, February 20, 1999 · 789
VOICE Hortense Calisher, Queenie (1971) · 789
VOICE Erich Kuby, Rose-Marie (1960) · 790
SECTION art · 790
VOICE Voltaire (1748) · 790
ALSO De Sade 448 · 791
VOICE A critic on Rothko (1999) · 791
VOICE One artist about another · 791
VOICE A scuptor on his work · 791
VOICE George Crumb (n.d.) · 791
VOICE Andy Warhol (1987) · 791
ALSO Rimbaud 618 · 791
SECTION language, schooling · 792
VOICE Chekhov, Notebooks (n.d.) · 792
VOICE Report on a progressive school (1919) · 793
VOICE Simon Schama (1998) · 793
VOICE Kathy H. in the fourth grade (1972) · 793
VOICE Teacher in Macungie, Pennsylvania (1999) · 793
FURTHER LIGHT Lawrence Cremin, The Transformation of the School · 793
SECTION sports and other professions · 794
VOICE Obituary of James B. Reston (1995) · 795
ALSO State Life 535 652 · 795
VOICE Around a picture of Uncle Sam pointing his finger at the reader (1997) · 796
SECTION the Internet; science and techne · 796
THEME ANALYSIS, REDUCTIVISM · 796
THEME ASBSTRACTION · 796
VOICE Judge Stewart Dalzell (1996) · 797
SECTION Ortega y Gasset · 797
WORK Ortega y Gasset, The Modern Theme · 798
FURTHER LIGHT John T. Graham, A Pragmatist Philosophy of Life in Ortega y Gasset · 798
SECTION Let Us End with a Prologue · 798
SECTION Our Age · 799
THEME EMANCIPATION · 799
FURTHER LIGHT Humphrey Jennings, Pandemonium [The Coming of the Machine As Seen by Contemporary Observers, 1660-1885] · 799
ALSO geometrical mind 216 · 799
SECTION the preceding (773–798) was A View from New York Around 1995 · 802

Reference Notes · 803

Index of Persons · 829

Index of Subjects · 853

Updated 2010 01 22 17 51 24 by Leo Wong